Effect of Substance Abuse on Child Upbringing

Impact of Substance Abuse on Child Upbringing Requirement for Treatment Ladies with youngsters As indicated by Miller (2001), the quantity of substance misuse treatment offices for moms with small kids is restricted and along these lines, usage of neighborhood outpatient programs is critical to meet their particular treatment needs. Substance misuse treatment for single parents is given a lower significance than the adequate arrangement of their youngsters regarding wellbeing and physical needs (Miller, 2001). Treatment of substance misuse and anticipation of lifetime backslide requires different methodologies (Miller, 2001). As per the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (as refered to in Miller, 2001), more than 33% of females who manhandled tranquilize have experienced significant burdensome scenes and demonstrated manifestations of emotional wellness issues. Subsequently, ladies who are mishandling substance are bound to experienced emotional well-being issues also. Then again, there is a high chance that they will wind up turning into the casualties of abusive behavior at home or experience accomplice brutality (Miller, 2001). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (as refered to in Miller, 2001) expressed that when issues in regards to aggressive behavior at home neglected to be tended to, it will meddle with the adequacy of treatment and might prompt backslide. In addition, the high pace of ladies including in the legitimate framework is additionally connected with substance misuse (Miller, 2001). Besides, ladies who are engaged with substance misuse need child rearing abilities, go overboard with brutal order or dismissing their kids because of their past involvement in same broken family designs during their youth years (Miller, 2001). By looking from the social learning viewpoint, this implies they are ignorant that their kids are considering them to be good example and might follow their strides in manhandling substance. Requirement for treatment achievement So as to accomplish effective support in substance misuse treatment, the different needs of patients should be known. Mill operator (2001) expressed that mother with little youngsters may have the option to concentrate on her enslavement after essential needs, for example, food, safe house, and water of the family were tended to. In this way, if any of the requirements are influenced, it might make the mother relinquish the continuous treatment. Other than that, all together for the treatment to be fruitful, customers must accept or have a positive observation towards the treatment that it will assist them with mitigating their habit. Catalano, Ashery, Robertson, and Kumfer (as refered to in Miller, 2001), found that including child rearing system to customers in substance misuse treatment will altogether diminish the odds of backslide after treatment other than improving safeguarding in light of the fact that these customers accept that having great child rearing aptitudes is signif icant. Mill operator (2001) called attention to a few stages that can guarantee a fruitful treatment program. One of it is to evacuate participation boundaries by allowing moms to bring along their youngsters to take part in the treatment program. Other than that, giving kid care, preparing aptitudes for kids, and information on substance misuse will clear a path for the recognizable proof of their enthusiastic and conduct issues. In like manner, giving child rearing aptitudes preparing and bolster administrations will help moms with little youngsters to build their confidence. As per Miller (2001), he expressed that financing premise is critical to create and grow substance misuse treatment program so as to advance and sustain better steadiness in families by helping moms to manage their fixation while simultaneously to improve as a parent to the kids. Among kid government assistance cases in which guardians are having substance misuse is accompanying with expanding paces of kid re-exploitation, higher chance of out-of-home situation, longer arrangement in care, and higher paces of kid reception and parental rights end (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). In this manner, it is imperative to concentrate on a few needs and factors other than tending to treatment obstructions to guarantee the achievement of treatment fulfillment. One of the approaches to guarantee treatment fulfillment is with the presentation of Family Treatment Drug Courts (FTDC). As indicated by Kaufman and Oliveros (n.d.), a few examinations on FTDCs found that they are related with a superior substance misuse treatment inception, lengthier remain in treatment, lesser days in out-of-home arrangement for youngsters, higher recurrence of family reunification, and higher odds of treatment culmination. Kaufman and Oliveros (n.d.) kept on expressing that guardians who went to FTD C and have finished the treatment speedier have very nearly 90 percent possibility of reunification and have their youngsters returned. An examination found in crafted by Kaufman and Oliveros (n.d.) proposed that it is critical to work with more distant family and normal backings to upgrade permanency results for kids. Making cross-framework joint efforts and putting a substance misuse expert in kid government assistance establishments is by all accounts a viable procedure for expanding admission rates (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Persuasive Interviewing (MI), an individual focused and cooperative type of advising that animates and strengthens inspiration for change is an incredibly compelling way to deal with improve treatment commencement and fruition too increment treatment passage among substance abuser (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Moreover, substance misuse treatment commencement can be improved by effort and commitment techniques (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Effort and commitment methodologies are additionally compelling at expanding substance misuse treatment finishing rates when utilized with FTDC (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Then again, today, FTDC and the recently evolved locally established treatment mediation for substance misuse appear to be the most encouraging treatment program to improve treatm ent results (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Locally established substance misuse treatment program has a bit of leeway of managing destitution related treatment obstructions by carrying the program to the individuals who can't stand to get to other substance misuse treatment programs. Treatment moves toward that are conveyed must underline on lessening the manifestation as well as increment natural strength and improve social working (Belcher, Briggs, Suarez, Titus, 2012). So as to make treatment progress, basic assets that help securities among suppliers must be created or improved to sustain increasingly coordinated assistance parts (Belcher et al., 2012). Treatment administrations must be completely incorporated after changes are executed over the entire framework instead of inside individual treatment programs (Belcher et al., 2012). Berlin (2002) expressed four principle basic worries that each treatment ought to have. The primary concern is that treatment must be multi-dimensional and thorough by recognizing various spaces. Treatment should likewise incorporate assets or access to administrations. Next, family treatment must be incorporated to upgrade correspondence among relatives other than improving parental and direction abilities. The last concern is th at after-care must be remembered for request to keep backslide from happening. Squeezing Problems Guardians who misuse substance are related with the huge increment danger of youngster abuse and it is every now and again under detailed by kid defensive administrations (Bellettiere, Chuang, Cross, Wells, 2013). Family working and the prosperity of youngsters are additionally in danger when guardians misuse medications and liquor (Bellettiere et al., 2013). Other than that, there is a high chance that guardians who misuse substance will connect with wellbeing hazard practices and abuse the youngsters in their consideration (Bellettiere et al., 2013). Then again, the offspring of guardians who misuse liquor and medications will most likely experience issues regarding their feeling and conduct just as develop their own substance maltreatment in their later phase of immaturity and early adulthood (Bellettiere et al., 2013). Various expensive and disturbing social issues can be related straightforwardly to tranquilize reliance. Late examinations evaluated that the United States government needs to spend around 67 billion dollars every year in wrongdoing, low efficiency of work, child care, and other social issues brought about by sedate reliance (Kleber, Lewis, McLellan, O’Brien, 2000). Volkow and associates (as refered to in Kleber et al., 2000) found that the dopamine arrangement of people who swear off utilizing cocaine was hindered three months after their last use. Different investigations (as refered to in Kleber et al., 2000) found that there was continued varieties in the pressure reaction framework after previous substance clients go without utilizing sedative or cocaine. The reaction of experiencing an individual or something that is prior related with tranquilize utilize that may make molded physiological responses and longing for the medication can consolidate to deliver the sentiment of loss of control (Kleber et al., 2000). The backslide frequencies which were accounted for to be high are an away from of the pessimistic support that liquor and medications have on individuals (Berlin, 2002). Liquor causes in excess of 150,000 passings every year and liquor slaughters a larger number of Americans contrasted with different medications other than tobacco which caused 440,000 passings yearly (Wu, 2005). Liquor utilization negatively affects the focal sensory system and mind that will cause the individuals who devour liquor to be forceful and take part in chance taking practices (Wu, 2005). National Institute on Drug Abuse (as refered to in Wu, 2005) expressed that weed may instigate hindrance of momentary memory, ability to focus, judgment aptitudes, coordination and equalization, learning aptitudes, and other subjective capacities. The withdrawal indications of maryjane incorporate fractiousness, fretfulness, diminished craving, a sleeping disorder, tremor, chills, and expanded internal heat level (Fisher Harrison, 2013). Other than that, cocain

Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990s Essay Example For Students

Woman's rights And Gender Equality In The 1990s Essay In general, the rights and status of ladies have improved significantly in the only remaining century; in any case, sexual orientation fairness has as of late been compromised inside the most recent decade. Glaringly chauvinist laws and practices are gradually being wiped out while social impression of womens jobs proceed to deteriorate and even corrupt back to conventional goals. It is these social observations that challenge the development of ladies as equivalent on all levels. In this investigation, I will contend that unpretentious and glaring sexism keeps on existing all through instructive, monetary, proficient and lawful fields. Ladies who cautiously follow their normal jobs may never perceive sexism as an abusive power in their life. I find numerous equals between womens encounters in the nineties with Betty Friedans, in her article: The Way We Were 1949. She managed a general public that normal ladies to satisfy certain jobs. Those jobs totally ignored the necessities of ta ught and persuaded representatives and logical ladies. In reality, the inconspicuous message that society gave was that the informed lady was really childish and insidious. I recollect specifically the singing impact on me, who once expected to be an analyst, of a story in McCalls in December 1949 called A Weekend with Daddy. A young lady who carries on with a desolate existence with her mom, separated, a scholarly smarty pants clinician, goes to the nation to go through an end of the week with her dad and his new spouse, who is healthy, glad, and a decent cook and plant specialist. Also, there is love and chuckling and developing blossoms and hot mollusks and a gourmet cheddar omelet and square moving, and she doesnt need to return home. Be that as it may, feeling sorry for her poor mother composing endlessly without anyone else in the dejected condo, she stays quiet that starting now and into the foreseeable future she will be living for the minutes when she can get away to that fantasy home in the nation where they recognize what life is about. (See Endnote #1)I have frequently counseled my grandparents about their encounters, and I locate their auth entic point of view illuminating. My grandma was pregnant with her third kid in 1949. Her work experience included: inside structure and displaying womens garments for the Sears index. I requested that her read the Friedan exposition and let me know whether she felt as moved as I might have been, and to impart to me her encounters of sexism. Her prompt response was to call attention to that Betty Friedan was a school taught lady and she had certain objectives that never intrigued me. My grandma, however growing up during when ladies had barely any social rights, said she didnt experience severe sexism in her life. In any case, when she depicts her life achievements, I feel she has gone through the vast majority of her time on earth satisfying the normal jobs of ladies as opposed to seeking after objectives that were generally saved for men. Unconsciously, her life was constrained by customary, misogynist esteems pervasive in her time and still predominant in the nineties.Twenty-four years after the above article from McCalls magazine was composed, the Supreme Court chose whether ladies ought to reserve a privilege to a fetus removal in Roe v. Swim (410 U.S. 113 (1973)). I accept the choice was made for womens rights for the most part in light of the fact that the court settled on a dynamic choice to consider the lady as a human who might be inspired by different things in life than simply being a mother. Equity Blackmun conveyed the accompanying opinion:Maternity, or extra posterity, may constrain upon the lady a distressful life and future. Mental damage might be up and coming. Mental and physical wellbeing might be burdened by kid care. There is likewise a trouble, for all concerned, related with the undesirable youngster, and there is the issue of bringing a kid into a family effectively unfit, mentally and something else, to think about it. In different cases, as in this one, the extra challenges and proceeding with disgrace of unwed parenthood might be in cluded. (See Endnote #2)I feel the court choice of Roe v. Swim would not have been made in 1949. Indeed, even in 1973, it was a dynamic choice. The issue of premature birth has existed for the whole history of this nation (and past), however had never been tended to in light of the fact that talking about these issues was not socially worthy. A culture of not examining issues that profoundly affect ladies is a culture that urges ladies to be feeble. Together EssayThe right of fetus removal turned into a significant issue. Prior to 1970, around a million premature births were done each year, of which just around ten thousand were lawful. Maybe 33% of the ladies having unlawful premature births for the most part destitute individuals must be hospitalized for difficulties. What number of thousands passed on because of these unlawful premature births nobody truly knows. Be that as it may, the illegalization of premature birth unmistakably neutralized poor people, for the rich could oversee either to have their child or to have their fetus removal under safe conditions. (See Endnote #3)A pundit of the womens development would rapidly advise us that ladies reserve a privilege to decrease marriage and sex, and seek after their individual advantages. Be that as it may, I would contend that the social weight ladies must suffer on the off chance that they don't adjust to their normal job is out of line. The issue goes past social similari ty and crosses into government mediation (or deficiency in that department). The 1980s saw the pendulum swing against the womens development. Rough acts against ladies who looked for premature births got normal and the administration was unsympathetic to the people in question. There are matches between the Southern Blacks social equality development and the womens development: Blacks have for some time been acquainted with the white government being unsympathetic to vicious acts against them. During the social equality development, lawful activity appeared to be possibly to come when a white social liberties lobbyist was murdered. Ladies are confronting comparable dismissal directly, and their development is really one for social liberties. A national crusade by the National Organization of Women started on 2 March 1984, requesting that the US Justice Department examine hostile to premature birth psychological warfare. On 1 August government specialists at long last consented to start to screen the brutality. In any case, Federal Bureau of Investigation chief, William Webster, announced that he saw no proof of psychological oppression. Just on 3 January 1985, in a master forma articulation, did the President scrutinize the arrangement of bombings as vicious revolutionary acts yet he despite everything wouldn't term them fear based oppression. Reagan conceded to Moral Majoritarian Jerry Falwells ensuing effort to have fifteen million Americans wear armbands on 22 January 1985, one for each lawful fetus removal since 1973. Falwells hostile to fetus removal upheaval exemplified Reaganisms direction: We can no longer latently and unobtrusively trust that the Supreme Court will adjust their perspective or for Congress to pas s a law. Radicalism on the privilege was no bad habit, balance no righteousness. Or on the other hand, as Hitler clarified in Mein Kamph, The absolute first fundamental for progress is a never-endingly steady and customary work of brutality. (See Endnote #4)This mindset proceeded through 1989 during the Webster v. Regenerative Health Services (109 S. Ct. 3040 (1989)) case. The Reagan Administration had asked the Supreme Court to utilize this case as the reason for toppling Roe v. Swim. (SeeEndnote #5) It is upsetting that the moderate increases accomplished by the womens development are so unpredictable and jeopardized when traditionalist organizations increase a dominant part in government. To place the issue into point of view: a womans option to have a fetus removal in this nation didn't come until 1973. Under two decades later, the leader of the United States is pushing to remove that right. It appears to be conspicuous that society is keen on taking care of ladies. From the above models, it seems American culture inclines toward ladies as non-proficient, non-scholarly, homemakers and moms. This attitude isn't effectively settled, on the grounds that it is presented at a youthful age. Alice Brooks experienced imbalance based on her race and her sex. In her self-portrayal, A Dream Deferred, she reviews the response of her dad when she raised the possibility of school to him:I found a grant for veterans youngsters and requested that my dad sign and outfit evidence that he was a veteran. He won't and revealed to me that I was just going to get hitched and have babies. I expected to remain at home and help my mom with her children. My sibling required school to help a family. Not exclusively was I not going to get any assistance, I was likewise labeled as narrow minded in light of the fact that I needed to attend a university. (See Endnote #6)This is another case of ladies being named as narrow minded for needing indistinguishable open doors from me n. Alice Brooks is an exceptionally gutsy lady; apparently ready to beat any mistreatment she may experience. During her introduction to our group, she said that ladies who prevail in male overwhelmed fields are never unremarkable they are exceptional achievers. Her knowledge typifies a significant part of the unpretentious sexism that exists today. I feel that nobody can really be equivalent in a general public when just the exceptional achievers are permitted to prevail out of their normal social job. This disposition of rising barefaced and inconspicuous assaults on womens social liberties is additionally exemplified in ongoing responses to governmental policy regarding minorities in society plans. These plans have been conceived to attempt to offer ladies and minorities a chance to take part in generally white male ruled regions. Be that as it may, we see similar patterns in lawful activity for the utilization of governmental policy regarding minorities in society designs as we found during the 1980s reaction against the Roe v. Swim choice. A couple of intriguing focuses were introduced for the situation, Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara (480 U.S. 616 (1987)). Mr. Paul E. Johnson recorded suit against the Santa Clara County Transportation Agency when he was denied an advancement, feeling the companys governmental policy regarding minorities in society plan prevented him from securing his social liberties. Some intriguing realities were introduced in this case:Specifically, 9 of the 10 Para-Professionals and 110 of the 145 Office and Clerical Workers were ladies. By cont

The Least and Most Feminist Thing

The Least and Most Feminist Thing Alex DiFrancesco is a writer of fiction, creative nonfiction, and journalism who has published work in Tin House, The Washington Post, Pacific Standard, and more. Their essay collection  Psychopomps  (Civil Coping Mechanisms Press) and their second novel  All City  (Seven Stories Press) are forthcoming in Spring of 2019. Their storytelling has been featured at The Fringe Festival, Life of the Law, The Queens Book Festival, and The Heart podcast. DiFrancesco is currently an MFA candidate at Cleveland State University.  @DiFantastico If you asked me when I was 24, I was not a feminist. That was the year that I traveled to Montana over my summer break to stay with my best friend and her newborn baby, the summer I worked in heavy manual labor, the summer I first read The Second Sex, the summer before I went back to my liberal arts college in New York, now determined to understand why I had thought the world was fair and equal enough that I could avoid feminism even in a body that insisted I could not. Even though reading it, coupled with witnessing my best friend’s new life as a mother and wife, inspired the desire to understand feminism, this essay is not about The Second Sex. That fall, I registered for a class with a superstar third-wave feminist author and writer who was a visiting professor at my college in New York City. The class was on the female bildungsroman. One of the first books we read was Alix Kate Schulman’s Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen. I understood the scene in which the narrator gets a haircut and has to display it in front of all the menâ€"boyfriends, philosophers, professorsâ€"she’s struggled so hard to impress. But when I wrote an essay response, all I could think to write about was the time I’d shaved my head and people started calling me “sir” all the time in the record store I worked in. This essay is not about Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen, either. Next we read Sapphire’s Push. The class was mostly white women, myself included, and some of us questioned what made Precious’s story a feminist text. Finally, someone said, “Did we want to read all books about white women?” and everyone was silent. That time I wrote an essay about my own experience of sexual assault. The sole black woman in the class wrote about what a big deal the prom at her DC high school had been, and how she’d spent thousands of dollars on making sure she had everything she needed for the night to be perfect before deciding not to go at all. But this is not an essay about Push. Next we read an essay about sex work. One by one, women in the class raised their hands and admitted to being pro dommes in their outside-school life, to pissing on men’s feet for money, to camming. It was like watching people expand before my eyes, to see them claim these things and resist feeling the shame that the world told them they should about them. But this essay is not about that essay. After that, we read Julia Serrano’s Whipping Girl. Lights went on in my brain. Of course trans women were women, I had known that, but how had I never seen things like The Crying Game or Silence of the Lambs for what they were? How had I never seen the way femininity was denigrated and tramped down? We talked about the “female experience,” how cis women didn’t always have what they considered the basics of it, how trans women often had much more of it even if they didn’t always have the things cis women did. There were no trans women in the class. The essay I wrote in response was about the Craigslist ad I had answered a few months before asking for a “coach.” When I called the person in question up, she told me she was a trans woman and wanted to pay someone to mock her while she exercised, take her out with a group of friends and humiliate her, do things she thought of as experiences of womanhood she had not had. Terrified and sad, I had invited her to come watch movi es with my female friends and I. She said that was not what she wanted. And, despite all that, this is not an essay about Whipping Girl. This essay is about a book I haven’t yet read. A book that means that I was not an outsider in that room, looking in voyeuristically to the lives of women, one of which I no longer am, one of which I never really was, the self-ghost of which I have been marked by forever. About how I am also not the forces lurking outside and above that room that shaped so many of the stories. A book that shows me the distance between the life I was handed and the life inside. A book about the dead, staticky space between having the “experiences of womanhood” so down to a T that I could sit in a room full of women and identify with everything they said and did and described and wonder why I was still so removed. A book about having no idea who I was, or why feminism, for all its worth and value and all I needed it, wasn’t making me feel free the way those women talked about feeling after class. A book that apologizes for even taking up this space while trying to make sense of the almost thirt y years that I tried to fit into some sort of woman role, some sort of feminist warrior, some sort of butch, some sort of something that my weird body/brain combo would never squeeze itself into. How gentle all that trying to be smaller and less loud and find those spaces made me. How angry it allowed me to be, too, without contradicting myself. How damaged all those coping mechanisms made my life and how I’m still picking through the rubble. How much it hurts to think that as much as I needed that space to learn every bit of what I was and wasn’t, I took that space from someone who probably needed it much more, and how that is the least and most feminist thing I could even think of.

Race Relations Between African Americans and Whites...

Following what was arguably the most turbulent time in American history; Reconstruction had far-reaching effects on a number of areas of life in the United States. In the Deep South, one of the clearest impacts could be seen on racial relations, specifically between whites and newly-freed African Americans. Legally, dramatic changes had been made at the federal level, providing African Americans with a host of rights that had never been offered them before. It was no wonder, then, that former slave owners in the South rejected these changes and rights, taking whatever steps necessary to keep African Americans down. The dramatic changes that took place in terms of race relations between African Americans and whites following Reconstruction†¦show more content†¦Legally, the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment just a few years after the close of the Civil War, African American men had the right to vote according to the United States Constitution. However, racial relations in the south had deteriorated so greatly that even such constitutionally-protected elements of their lives were unable to survive. Whites passed a number of laws designed to disenfranchise African American men, knowing that without the right to vote, the voices of newly-freed slaves would not be heard. These laws included such measures as literacy tests, poll taxes, property qualifications, and so-called â€Å"grandfather† clauses that denied an individual the right to vote if their grandfather did not vote himself. Race relations in the south had deteriorated so rapidly that even something as basic as voting, something that was to be provided to African American men according to the United States Constitution, was denied them (â€Å"The state†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 2011). As individuals living in the north became increasingly disinterested with the plight of African Americans in the south, a political change was made, one that would alter the racial relations between whites and blacks f or generations. In 1896, the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that would set the stage for continued segregation in the American south with three simple words: separate but equal. When the Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities for whites andShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Strange Career of Jim Crow1336 Words   |  6 Pageswhich shaped our views of the history of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather than immediately after the end of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Woodward examines personal accounts, opinions, and editorialsRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington1476 Words   |  6 PagesWashington grew up during the Reconstructi on Era. With African Americans able to attend school following Emancipation, Washington worked hard to get an education. Race relations of the era and the challenges African Americans faced would come to inspire Washington to pursue teaching and advocacy. He would come to establish the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute and would play an influential role as a public advocate. Washington held the opinion that African Americans would be best served by pursuingRead MoreThe Political Culture Of Reconstruction836 Words   |  4 PagesCulture of Reconstruction, Laura Edwards studied how gender, race, and class shaped not only the political terrain of the South during Reconstruction, but also its private and public foundations. Edwards viewed the Southern household during this period as a â€Å"highly contested political issue.† Following the war, changes swept southern society regarding how households were defined, who were the heads of those households, and what rights the se heads and their dependents held. She argued that African AmericanRead MoreRace And Reunion : The Civil War1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of race and reunion had become a competition for memories with vastly different aspirations between the north and the south. Striving for a reunion, a majority of American white communities close obscure the civil war racial narrative would only fade. In race and reunion: The Civil War in American memory, by David Blight, represents how Americans chose to remember the Civil War conflict, from the beginning of the turning point of the war. The two major themes race and reunion, demonstrateRead MoreEssay on How the Failure of Reconstruction Impacted African Americans885 Words   |  4 Pagesof towns in the South had been burned to the ground. Meanwhile, the relations between the North and South had crumbled to pieces. Something needed to be done so that the country could once again be the United States of America, not the Divided States o f America. The years from 1865 to 1877 were a time of rebuilding – the broken communities and the broken relations. This time period was known as Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a failure on the basis that the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendmentsRead MoreEssay about The Battle of Ole Miss1600 Words   |  7 PagesSACRAMENTO CITY COLLEGE THE BATTLE OF OLE MISS AS IT RELATES TO THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN EXPERIENCE AND AMERICAN HISTORY A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR K.R.V. HENINGBURG DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY MONA SALIMI SACRAMENTO, CA 19 APRIL 2010 James Meredith’s successful campaign to gain admission to the Univeristy of Mississippi, ‘Ole Miss’, and desegregate education in the state most resistant to integration of educational institutions, has become a crucial episode in civil rights historyRead MoreAfrican Americans and Southern Racism During Reconstruction1501 Words   |  7 Pagesalso two races long separated by racism and culture. Devastated and embittered by the damage of the war, the South had a long way to go in order to achieve true equality between the former slave owners and former slaves. The majority of the South remained set in racist behavior, finding post-Civil War legal loopholes to diminish African American rights (Tindall amp; Shi, 2010, pp. 757-758). Southerners continued to marginalize Blacks in their behavior toward ex-slaves and the later African AmericanRead More The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B Dubois Essay3329 Words   |  14 Pagesinfluential work in African American liter ature and is an American classic. In this book Dubois proposes that the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line. His concepts of life behind the veil of race and the resulting double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at ones self through the eyes of others, have become touchstones for thinking about race in America. In addition to these lasting concepts, Souls offers an evaluation of the progress of the races and the possibilitiesRead MoreEducation And Complex Communication : Booker T Washington1071 Words   |  5 Pagesknew it would take some time for African Americans to progress as a race, and most importantly to join in contributing to an integral part of society. To say people knew might be a tough assumption to make, many people doubted this to ever be a possibility. One of the people who contributed to making this a possibility was Booker T Washington. Booker Taliaferro Washington was an African American educator, author, and advisor to pr esidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was theRead MoreThey Say: Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race, by James W. Davidson. Ida B. Wells as a parallel to African Americans trying to gain empowerment in post-emancipation America1409 Words   |  6 PagesHistory 121 Professor Adejumobi November 7, 2008 Critical Book Review THEY SAY: IDA B. WELLS AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RACE By James West Davidson Ida B. Wells, an African-American woman, and feminist, shaped the image of empowerment and citizenship during post-reconstruction times. The essays, books, and newspaper articles she wrote, instigated the dialogue of race struggles between whites and blacks, while her personal narratives, including two diaries, a travel journal, and an autobiography

Discipline in High School and Elementary Education Essay

Discipline in High School and Elementary Education Grand Canyon University: SPE-350 January 10, 2014 When it comes to special education, discipline is a major concern in this area because many students are incessantly being expelled for their behavior issues that are caused by their disabilities. With the previous law students were excluded from school and received long suspension time because of their behavioral problems but when the new law was passed in 2004 students that are disable, is entitle to a free appropriate education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and can no longer be expel from school if their behavior is due to their disability. With the new law, students can no longer†¦show more content†¦With special education teachers being a high demand now, new teachers should be well informed on how to discipline special needs students. Mrs. Davis expressed, issues that frequently occur with special needs students will be, if their wrongdoing is a direct manifestation of the student disability and new or experience teachers should be aware if the student disability is affecting their behavior. Since discipline is a major issue that appears to occur in schools due to special education students being included into regular education classrooms. Students tend to act out because they are not on the same level as their non-disable peers and feel as though they are not able to complete the same course work and receive a passing grade therefore they begin to disrupt the class instead of asking for help when it is needed. I can understand the student frustration when they are not able to answer questions or other students make fun of them because they could not get the correct answer. These students are in a mainstream classroom with their peers but are not on the same reading level as them and it is difficult for them to participate in class and feel as if they are up to part (T. Davis, personal communication, December 16, 2013). Ms. James stated that discipline issues that occur with special needs students in her school are students that are emotionally disturbed. These students disrespect their authority figures, fight other students and it even goes so far as themShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Student Mobility And Academic Achievement1428 Words   |  6 Pagesdedicated much effort to exploring the consequences of switching schools, and these consequences can take many forms. Much research examines various practices, including family and student choices and school policies, and the resultant mobility’s impact on student academic success. These catalysts for mobility have included the family’s search for affordable housing (Ihrke, 2014), student delinquency (Singh et al., 2014, Dewitt, 1998) and schools enacting such practices as open enrollment (Riehl, 1999).Read MorePrincipal Of School Is An Awesome Leader982 Words   |  4 PagesPrincipal Report The principal is the leader of the school. The principal provides a safety environment for students, faculty and community. The principal responsibility is to make sure the school is running good and everybody is doing their job, and the students are learning. Based on my interview sheet question I interview the principal at Tenth and Penn elementary school, the principal of that school is an awesome leader. A principal has a huge responsibility day by day. Being responsible forRead MoreBrunswick High. Emergency Procedures936 Words   |  4 PagesBrunswick High Emergency Procedures are located in the Policies and Procedures section. They are divided into 4 sections: Fire Safety Guidelines, Emergency Drills, Response to a Violent Incident (can be a student disruption), and a crisis policy. The fire safety guidelines were more about the type of equipment that could be used in the classroom, while emergency drills were broken into fire drills and tornado drills. Similarities and Differences The similarities between Goodyear Elementary and BrunswickRead MoreSurvey of a school counselor1727 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Project Part 1 Survey of a School Counselor and Reflection Lamar University As I read my first assignment for new students in the School Counseling Program, my reasoning to be a school counselor was simple; to help others. I noted that I wanted to help others in two manners. One, I wanted to help students toward an achievable goal, including graduation. Two, I wanted to help with discipline. This included helping teachers withRead MoreThe Importance Of Arts In Education897 Words   |  4 Pages Some schools in the United States offer a variety of arts programs, while other schools may have mediocre to non-existent arts programs. Students in their early years of schooling from elementary to high school depending on whether he or she has an arts education can affect them in the long run. Art programs since the 1980s have integrated into public education, however the No Child Left Behind act has since put the arts in the decline. According to Americans, 93% of them agree the arts are vitalRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Required For Their Freedom Of Expression1548 Words   |  7 PagesSchool uniforms were first introduced in England, in the 16th century. In the beginning it was only for charity purposes, but clothing started to have a different meaning throughout the centuries. The early purposes of wearing school uniforms were not much different than that of today’s. Same clothing can represent togetherness and may also help students no to get distracted. This research paper will take a closer look at why schools should mandate such a policy, supported by details and statisticsRead MoreDress For Success : School Uniforms899 Words   |  4 Pages Dress for Success? School Uniforms Tureicka McClendon Louisiana College Educational Leadership ED 600 Dr. Amy Craig Dr. Marion Skiles September 19, 2015 Dress for Success? School Uniforms Purpose of the Study School Uniforms has an everlasting effect on some students. Weather it is in the classroom or out in public. This study debates the diverse effect that school uniform has on student achievement, attendance, and behavior (Gentile Imberman, 2012 pg. 1). Often students and parents areRead MoreCurwin And Mendlers Discipline With Dignity : Book Review889 Words   |  4 PagesAre you a teacher, administrator, or school counselor struggling with discipline in your school? Do rules, power struggles, and stress invade your everyday life? In the classroom, does it seem like your needs do not matter? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then Curwin, Mendler, and Mendler’s classroom management book, â€Å"Discipline with Dignity: New Challenges, New Solutions† (2008), may be the tool for you. With the first edition, written in the 1988, the authors gained nationalRead More Nothing Compares to Teaching Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagesis a major factor when it comes to discipline and other methods of teaching. Students learn in a variety of ways. Of the five major educational theories, I believe an eclectic approach is the best. I will never have a classroom full of students in which all of them learn in exactly the same way. I need to be able to take what I need form each theory and apply it in my classroom. The same principle applies to discipline methods. I will face many discipline problems in my future, and in eachRead MoreEducation : Education Of Preservice Teachers And 2 ) Emphasis On High Stakes Testing Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesissues: 1) education of preservice teachers and 2) emphasis on high stakes testing. First, elementary education programs focus on the modern two cores, English and mathematics, paying only lip service to science and social studie s. This leads to teachers becoming unconformable with the content in these two subjects. This level of uncertainty produces a focus away from social studies and a focus on the other two contents. The second reason for the marginalization of social Studies in the elementary classroom

US Intelligence Community From Past to Present Essay Free Essays

The US Intelligence Community can be traced back to the yearss of the 1776 Revolution. The nation’s foremost spyhead. General George Washington used undercover agents to accurately nail the motions of the British Army during the Revolutionary War. We will write a custom essay sample on US Intelligence Community: From Past to Present Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The British Army besides employed undercover agents to place possible dissenters in the largely loyalist South. The Revolution besides produced the country’s foremost cryptographer. Dr. Benjamin Church. Dr. Church posed as a member of the Boston ‘school’ while supplying indispensable intelligence about Rebel activities to General Gage. the British commanding officer of Boston. After his assignment as head sawbones of the Continental Army. he continued to supply necessary information to the British. Dr. Church place was compromised after Samuel West deciphered a missive the former sent to the British. Dr. Church was sent into expatriate. What by and large struck me was the engagement of Benjamin Franklin in spy games. Franklin became the head of the country’s foremost formal intelligence-gathering bureau – the alleged ‘Committee of Secret Correspondence. ’ This bureau was formed in 1775 with the primary end of garnering information about sentiments towards the Revolutionary War in Europe. However. the bureau extended its authorization. It authorized its ‘employees’ to utilize necessary methods in ‘influencing support for the Revolution in Europe. ’ Franklin. through a secret dialogue. asked France to supply Gallic military personnels. France offered both its ground forces and naval forces to back up the American revolutionists. After the Revolution. the American Intelligence Community adopted an isolationist stance. The bureau became one of the primary organisations tasked to the edifice of a state. Espionage was viewed as a tool for defence – ne’er a public-service corporation for increasing colonial influence. As a consequence. the Gallic. Spanish. and British had small problem larning American activities. During the War of 1812. US governments were able to nail British motions in the continent ( and the purpose of firing Washington ) . However. no one knew how to utilize the procured information. American intelligence was awkward and supra-inefficient. The first major spring in the development of a sophisticated intelligence system came during the American Civil War. Both Union and the Confederacy used undercover agents non merely for information-gathering but besides for sabotage. Allan Pinkerton formed an intelligence community tasked to supplying war information to General McClelland. In the South. General Robert E. Lee relied on the alleged ‘Canadian Cabinet’ – a group of Southern leaders who directed espionage against the Union. Although both sides were able to develop efficient intelligence systems. many military commanding officers belittled the importance of intelligence in military runs. It was merely during American’s entry to the First World War that American military commanding officers began to see the existent advantages of an effectual intelligence community. This can be exhibited by the creative activity of the convoy system. American undercover agents in Europe sent critical information about the activities of U-boats in the Atlantic ( its motions. possible marks. and scheme ) . Based on the information. the President ordered the creative activity of a convoy system which could protect merchant ships traversing the Atlantic Ocean. After the First World War. the United States had a really efficient and effectual intelligence community. How to cite US Intelligence Community: From Past to Present Essay, Essay examples

Should Gay Be Allowed To Marry Essays - Gender Studies,

Should Gay Be Allowed To Marry Over time, marriage has been the solid base for procreation and child rearing, which is the foundation of family and social life. There is recognition that allowing polygamous or closely related couples into our marriage system would be dysfunctional in our society. Does this not apply to same-sex marriage as well? The social unacceptability of same-sex marriage, the danger of contracting AIDS, and the bad influence on children prove that same-sex marriage should not be legalized. Homosexual activists, approximately three percent of our population, argue that those who do not agree with them are ?homophobic? or?heterosexist.? However, that argument is merely prejudiced against society. Today's society can certainly have its own opinion. The rightsand laws of homosexuals are ultimately restricted. Congress's litigation now describes laws that prevent gays and lesbians from marrying,procreating, or adopting (Williams 299). Marriage, as well as adoption, is considered a privilege; those who marry or adopt must obey the laws. No examples in past history occur in which same-sex unions were given the equal rights and legal recognition as heterosexual unions (Kaplan 16). Factually, recent polls state that two-thirds of American adults oppose same-sex unions in which the homosexuals are given rights such as tax breaks, Social Security, divorce rights, hospital visits, custody, or inheritance. In a different poll taken, American adults were asked if homosexual marriage should be legal; sixty-four percent stated no, while only twenty-nice percent said yes. The same group of adults were also asked about homosexual adoption. Fifty-seven percent said no, while thirty-five percent agreed (Cloud 44). Broadening our systematic form of marriage weakens it. on a different note, the number of gays (males) exceeds the number of lesbians, and legalizing same-sex marriage may result in male domination, defeating the woman's role in society. A hierarchy of gay marriage holding more economic power and social status could become, overcoming even all heterosexual unity (Williams 317). The main reason the state is interested in marriage has been to provide financial and emotional security, as well as role models for children. In the current marriage system of only opposite-sex unity, the protection of procreation is properly emphasized. However, over the last century heterosexual marriage has declined because notions of what makes a good man or woman have changed, resulting in self-fulfillment elsewhere than in marriage and family. The symbolism of homosexual marriage is also disturbing. For example, a lesbian or gay wedding has a heavy symbolic message on all guests that attend, including children, cooks, and waiters. Generations to come will remember the homosexual wedding as part of their friend's or loved one's lifestyle. Even though some homosexual unions may raise children better than some heterosexuals, the homosexual union is a symbolic attack of the norm of society and highly unaccepted by society. It is a known fact that homosexuals are ultimately discriminated. Even in San Francisco, California, where gays are populous, the homosexuals routinely experience discrimination, hate, and rejection. These factors also show that same-sex marriage is unaccepted by society. Surely, if same-sex marriage becomes a natural reality, then bisexual and three-some marriages will follow. What will become of society? The AIDS virus plays a very significant part in homosexuality. The persons with the highest risk of contracting the AIDS virus are gay or bisexual white males (Williams 305). This AIDS virus is spread continuously because the gay individual may either not know he is HIV positive or may choose not to inform his sexual partner. Both ways are equally dangerous, especially since gays often have multiple sex partners. Since AIDS is most commonly spread by bodily fluids, the HIV virus is most common for sexually active individuals. Consider the case of the North family. They married in 1982 but separated in 1991 when Mr. North admitted to an affair with another woman. He learned he was HIV positive in April 1991, but continued to have unprotected sexual intercourse with his wife until his June confession. After a year's separation, Mr. North revealed that there was no other woman; he had engaged in homosexual activities beginning in 1979, continuing through his marriage, and he and his homosexual lover- also HIV positive- intended to inform the children about his new lifestyle. Mrs. North then filed for divorce and asked that visitation be limited to protect the children from the possibility of contracting HIV. She believed that because

Shanghai Baby essays

Shanghai Baby essays This book was just what the Chinese government did not want the public to see. It contained very graphic and intimate details were the main aspect of the scandal with the novel. The Chinese government saw the novel as a threat to the political and mental well-being of its citizens. It talks about things that China is trying to abolish, like the increase in prostitution and drug abuse. There are a few categories that place this book on the banned list in China. The first and most obvious is the content of pornography. There is quite an extent of indecent material, reports inaccurate, fabricated or sensationalist stories. It also offers other materials that the government probably deems to have an unhealthy impact on readers. A large portion of the book is filled up with indecency or pornography. This book is definitely not considered to be G-rated with its graphic mention of sex acts, masturbation, pleasure, sexual organs and promiscuity. Even though it is a fictitious novel, there are many points that tend to shock the reader and these points are viewed to be unhealthy by the Chinese government. There is a few times that the author ties in sex with the city of Shanghai. Standing on the roof, we looked at the sihouttes of the building lit up by the streetlights on both sides of the Huangpu River, specially the Oriental Pearl TV tower, Asias tallest. Its long, long steel column pierces the sky, proof of the citys phallic worship (page 14). Another comment Shanghai is a city obsessed with pleasure (page 40). Some people call Shanghai the Womans city...in comparison to the macho cities of northern China (page 116). Another possibility is that the book was banned for political reasons. After all, the Chinese government banned anything that puts a negative light on Chinas affairs including government and economy. There are eight billion peasants in our cou...

Valentines Day Activities and Craft Ideas for College Students

Valentines Day Activities and Craft Ideas for College Students Love is in the air Valentines day is coming, and you have no idea how to make this day special for you and your significant other? Or even worse: you have a very limited budget for celebration. Dont worry, we have your back. Weve gathered the best ideas for inexpensive activities and also for DIY gifts that say â€Å"I Love You.† Spending Valentines Day with the One You Love If you want to spend Valentine’s day with your beloved one, take a look at some Valentine’s day ideas of activities that will suit this romantic holiday. Besides, these activities won’t cost you much, so they are perfect for college students on a budget who want to arrange a little holiday just for two. Cooking dinner together Cooking dinner together is a perfect way to build trust and intimacy. Pasta, lasagna or a sweet dessert will work the best. Make sure you shop for all ingredients beforehand to avoid crazy crowds in a market. And don’t forget about scented candles for this romantic evening. Picnic Picnics are so romantic! Do you think that you can’t set up a picnic because of the snowy weather outside? Then make a picnic on the floor in your room. A few blankets, cozy pillows and tasty dinner with wine and good music will make this evening magic and sweet. Source: Instagram Movie evening A great way to celebrate Valentine’s day is to watch a movie or even a few of them. You can take your girlfriend or boyfriend to a movie theater or watch films on Netflix. Take a look at our list of the best movies for Valentine’s day: Dirty Dancing (1987) Pretty Woman (1990) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) Love, Actually (2003) Easy A (2010) And don’t forget to buy some popcorn! Source: Depositphotos Cozy boardgame evening Another staying-at-home activity will be an excellent option for those who don’t want to spend too much money or go out. Just make sure you choose a game for two players: Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective Hive 7 Wonders Duel Crusaders: Thy Will be Done A little competition won’t hurt. Special places Do you and your partner have a â€Å"special place?† It’s the perfect time to visit it. Was it a park you met in or even a train station you had your first kiss at? Go and remind yourself of these precious moments. Source: Cunningham Farms Art classes Pottery and painting classes are excellent therapy and relaxation. Moreover, holding hands together while making pottery on a wheel is the sweetest thing ever! Party Okay, a party doesn’t really seem like a romantic activity, but it’s a great way to spend this day with your girlfriend or boyfriend and other couples in a friendly and funny atmosphere. Themed parties can be organized for any holiday. So, if you’re a party person, host a great party for all of your friends. DIY and Crafting Ideas We love DIYs! And do you? No matter what the occasion is, crafting activities are always entertaining and relaxing. You can prepare gifts yourself or make it an excellent activity for the two of you. We have a whole bunch of cute valentines day ideas for him and her. Cards Source: Pinterest Source: LiaGriffith Valentine’s day cards are pretty pricey when you shop for them in pre-holiday time. But you can make them yourself without spending even an hour of your time. You will need some paper or paperboard, printed designs, markers, and glue. A punch A tasty punch will be an excellent choice for a holiday party or a cozy evening for you and your sweetheart. To make your own punch, you will need some juice, soda, fruits, ice cubes, and a big bowl. Source: Look What I Made Source: Pinterest A surprise box Do you have a gift but don’t know how to present it to your beloved one? A surprise box is a perfect way to make even the simplest gift look like a whole festive ceremony. You will need a big box, balloons, helium, confetti, wrapping paper, and glitter. Put glitter into the balloons and fill them with helium. Decorate your box with wrapping paper, put your gift, confetti, and balloons inside the box, and tape it on the top. Ask your girlfriend or boyfriend to open the box, to make balloons float and find a present on the bottom of the box among confetti. Source: Pinterest Homemade candies Candies are the first thing that comes to mind when speaking about the romantic holiday. If you want to surprise your boyfriend or girlfriend, you can make candies yourself. Use bananas, marshmallows, strawberries, and nuts to dip them in melted chocolate. Let them cool in a fridge, and here you have a tasty dessert for your beloved one. Source: KraftRecipes Source: Cool Mom Eats DIY candles Source: Wonderful DIY Melt some wax or candles you have at home, pour it into ice cube forms of heart shapes covered with a thin layer of oil and place a wick in the center. After the wax is hard, you can take your candles and lit them up. Fun and easy! Or follow easy steps from DIY video tutorials. Hope you liked our ideas of Valentine’s crafts for adults and students. Don’t worry if you have to spend Valentine’s day alone, we have some ideas for a perfect day of fun for singles.

How a person can fall into debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How a person can fall into debt - Essay Example A person missing on one or two payments can kick start a process of never ending debt trap where enormous amount of charges in the form of late payments, mark-ups etc are charged which never subsidize to allow a breathing space to the person availing the debt. Falling into debt is not a new phenomenon as almost everyone in civilized world is trapped into this never ending vicious cycle of debt. There are various ways through which a person can fall into debt. These means include from economic hardships to increasing social pressures to maintain certain social status within a society. b. Living beyond one’s means therefore force individuals to look for money to match their lifestyle with those they want to match. Thus forcing them to incur high cost debt and when they fail to payback, a never ending spiral of mounting debt start to increase thus almost perpetually forcing them to remain into debt. Social as well as economic pressures on individuals force them to fall into debt. This falling into debt, in current world, is mostly done through financial institutions – banks especially which offer various products catered according to individual needs at high cost which ultimately put a person into perpetual

Electronic frontier Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electronic frontier - Assignment Example The giants who own the market in the digital world try to kill any competition that they get but this can no longer be done as I can simply challenge any of the plea with the use of the EFF. With the help of the organization I can make sure that my circle of privacy is not violated by the state authorities. I can make a fine line when I want to be anonymous on the internet and express my views accordingly. With the help of EFF I believe that I can challenge anyone who finds my anonymity illegal or tries to find my identity and threaten me in any case. If I find out that anyone is trespassing the line of my privacy I can always approach the organization and inform my government regarding the necessary issues so as to avoid any legal repercussions. I believe that I can protect my privacy to the fullest of extent if given the knowledge provided by the organization. The newest technology allows one to detect when anyone is trying malinger against you or is trying to impose something that I may not have even done. My information and logs should not be accessed by any given company unless they have issues of national security against

Foreign Exchange Risk Management In Multinational Corporations Finance Essay

Foreign Exchange Risk Management In Multinational Corporations Finance Essay Corporations (MNCs) Introduction: Globalisation has had economic, cultural, technological and political effects. Over the last few decades the increase in globalisation has led to rapid growth in several industries around the world and it has also had a strong influence on the flexibility of firms. Hundreds of new MNCs have emerged globally due to the liberalisation of trade and capital markets. MNCs are not limited to the big firms with huge investments like Coca Cola, Nike and Shell, due to advances in technology and liberal markets many small firms operate internationally to maximise their profits. This growth has highlighted the various risks faced by MNCs operating in different countries. One such risk is the financial risk involved with the foreign currency exchange markets. Most of the time MNCs deal in more than one national currency and hence the changes in the foreign exchange rates can have an adverse effect on the firms profits. This paper discusses the various foreign exchange risks faced by multinationa ls around the globe and the necessary steps taken to manage these risks. A study on the Malaysian MNCs has also been covered in the paper. Foreign Exchange Risks: Foreign Exchange risks also known as exposures can be termed as an agreed, projected or contingent cash flow whose scale is not certain at the moment. The magnitude depends on the value of the changes in the foreign exchange rates which in turn depends on various variables such as the interest rate parity, purchasing power parity, speculations and government policies on exchange rates. According to G.Shoup (1998), a company has exposure if there is a currency mismatch in some aspect of the business such that a shift in foreign exchange rates, nominal or real, affect its performance either positively or negatively. These exposures may be classified into three different categories: Translation exposure Transaction exposure Economic exposure Translation Exposure; this is the net asset/liability exposure in the home currency of the MNC. In other words, it is the profit gained or loss incurred in translating foreign currency financial statements of foreign subsidiaries of the MNC into a single currency which it uses in its final reports (Yazid Muda, 2006). In essence, translation risk can be defined as the effect of exchange rates on the figures shown on the parent companys consolidated balance sheet. Although this exposure does not affect the shareholders equity, it does influence the investors due to the changing values of the assets or liabilities. (Shoup, 1998) Transaction Exposure; it is a risk associated with a transaction that has already been contracted. It is as a result of unexpected changes in foreign exchange rates affecting future cash flows which the MNC has already committed itself to. Usually MNCs enter an international contractual obligation, the payment or receipt of which is expected on a future date, hence any change in the foreign exchange rate during that period will expose the MNC to transaction risks. Transaction risks can be easily identified and thus get more attention from the financial managers. (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2007) Economic Exposure; this is the most complex risk as it not only involves the known cash flows but also future unknown cash flows, hence also termed as a hidden risk. It is a comprehensive measure of a companys foreign exchange exposure and therefore sometimes termed as a combination of translation and transaction exposure. Identifying economic risks involves measuring the change in the present value of the company resulting from any changes in the future operating cash flows of the firm caused either by adverse or desirable change in the exchange rate. (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2007). As Dhanani (2000) noted, economic risk can be viewed as the consequence of long-term exchange rate fluctuations on a firms predicted cash flows and as the cash flows linked to the risk are not certain to materialize, the risk is hard to identify. Economic exposure to a MNC may last for a long duration making it difficult to be quantified and hence limiting the use of possible management techniques. (Shoup, 1998) Foreign Exchange Risk Management Foreign exchange risk management is a process which involves identifying areas in the operations of the MNC which may be subject to foreign exchange exposure, studying and analysing the exposure and finally selecting the most appropriate technique to eliminate the affects of these exposures to the final performance of the company. (Shoup, 1998) Risks involving short term transactions can be dealt with using financial instruments but long term risks often require changes in the operations of the company. As in the case of translation exposure the MNC can have an equal amount of exposed foreign currency assets and liabilities. By doing so the company will be able to offset any gain or loss it may have due to changes in the exchange rates of that currency, also known as balance sheet hedging. (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2007) In dealing with economic exposures efficiently, a MNC may have to diversify either its finance or its operations. It can diversify its operations by either moving to locations where the cost of production is low, or having a flexible supplier policy, or changing the target market for its products and the types of products it deals in. As it can be illustrated from the 1994 example of Toyota, when a strong Yen made Japanese exports to US more expensive, it decided to shift its production from Japan to US, where it achieved comparatively lower costs of production, enabling it to compete in the US car market. (Eun Resnick, 2007) The management of transaction exposures may either involve hedging using special techniques or applying pro-active policies. The pro-active policies commonly used include (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2007): Matching currency cash flow Risk sharing agreements Back to back loans Currency swaps Lead and Lag payments Use of re-invoicing centres Hedging is the act of protecting a pre-existing position in the spot market by trading in derivative securities; that is guarding of existing assets from future losses. According to Eiteman et al (2007), hedging is the taking of a position, acquiring a cash flow, an asset or a contract that will rise or fall in value and hence offset a fall or rise in value of an existing position. Several studies on this issue have emphasized that MNCs have a higher probability of facing exchange rate volatility in their operations as they expand their involvement throughout the world. Therefore, the extensive use of various hedging techniques by most companies has been widely recognized to ensure the companys overall interests, cash flows and equity are safeguarded. Some of the most commonly used hedging techniques include: Forward market hedge Money market hedge Options market hedge Forward market hedge; this is the case where the MNC in the forward contract has a legal obligation to buy or sell a given amount of foreign currency at a specific future date which is known as the contract maturity date at a price agreed upon at present. (Nitzche Cuthbertson, 2001) Money market hedge; under this hedging technique, the transaction exposure can be hedged by lending and borrowing in the local and foreign markets. For instance a MNC may borrow in a foreign currency to hedge the amount it expects to receive in that currency at a later date and similarly it could lend to hedge payables in a foreign currency. By doing so, the MNC will be matching its assets and liabilities in the same currency. (Eun Resnick, 2007) Options market hedge; this is a technique used by a MNC which gives it the right but not the obligation to buy or sell a specific amount of foreign currency at a specific price, by or on a specific date. Although not a widely used tool, it can be useful when a MNC is uncertain about the future receipt or payments of foreign currency. (Nitzche Cuthbertson, 2001) Hedging helps in reducing the risks involved in international transactions and also improves planning capability. By hedging a MNC can ensure its cash flow does not fall below a necessary minimum, particularly in cases where there is a tendency of a company to run out of cash for necessary investments (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2007). A very good example would be that of Merck, a pharmaceutical company. Kearney and Lewent (1993) identified that Merck was one of the pioneers to have used hedging to ensure that its key investment plans could always be financed, which in their case was the research and development aspect of their business. Mathur (1982) came to the conclusion that, to decrease the negative outcomes caused by fluctuations of foreign exchange rate on earnings and cash flows, most companies employ a hedging program. He also noted that a formal foreign exchange management policy is more common among larger firms. According to Bartov et al (1996), if MNCs do not institut e a hedging program, they are more likely to be exposed to risks which may result in substantial losses. Despite its advantages, hedging does not increase the companys expected cash flows, on the other hand it uses up the company resources in the process (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2007). According to G.Shoup (1998), unless there are clear defined objectives, safeguards in place and clear communication at every level of management, a hedging program may turn into a disaster. As the chairman of Zenith Electronic Corporations, Jerry K Pearlman once said, It is a, damned if you do and damned if you dont situation. (Shoup, 1998, p15.) In 1984, Lufthansa a German airline company placed a major purchase order for airlines from an American firm. The financial managers at Lufthansa had forecasted a stronger dollar in the days to come and therefore locked up the German Duetsche mark against the American dollar. Due to an unfavourable effect, a weak dollar, in one year Lufthansa lost around US$150 million and half of the financial managers team lost their jobs (Shoup, 1998). In another instance, two years later in 1986, the chairman of Porche found himself unemployed as he had engineered the company into a dependence on the US market for 61% of its revenue without hedging against a downturn in US$, as a result forcing Porche to suffer major financial losses. (Shoup, 1998) According to a study by Marshall (2000), the trend in the objectives of managing foreign exchange risks was quite similar between the UK and US multinationals who gave significant importance to certainty of cash flow as well as minimising fluctuations in earnings. On the other hand, a higher number of Asian multinationals managed these risks to minimise fluctuations in their earnings. The trend observed is summarised in Figure 1 below. Figure 1: Foreign exchange risk management in UK, USA and Asia Pacific multinational companies by Andrew P Marshall, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 2000. Belk and Glaum (1990) undertook a study which involved investigating several UK MNCs. The study revealed that although majority of the companies considered translation exposure to be important, not all were prepared to hedge this risk actively. On the other hand transaction exposure was given most importance in the management of foreign exchange risks. The level of hedging the transaction exposure varied between the companies investigated, some hedged totally while others did so partially. The study also seemed to show that the size if the MNC influenced its involvement in foreign exchange risk management, the larger the company the higher the propensity. In another study carried out by Makar and Huffmann (1997), it was found that there is a linear relationship between the amount of foreign exchange derivatives employed and the degree of foreign currency exposure in US MNCs. Foreign Exchange Risk Management in Malaysian Multinational Corporations (MNCs) During the financial crisis of 1997, most Malaysian MNCs suffered foreign exchange losses due to currency fluctuations, thus leading to the increased involvement of Malaysian MNCs in foreign exchange risk management (Yazid Muda, 2006). It can be seen that before the financial crisis fewer MNCs considered hedging their foreign exchange risks to be vital, as the General Manager of the Malaysian Monetary Exchange Bhd indicated that local MNCs were very passive and reactive in managing their financial risks (New Strait Times, 30 May 1998: 11). A similar statement was given by the then Minister for International Trade and Industry, Rafidah Aziz, which implied that MNCs should manage their foreign exchange risks well (New Strait Times, 3 July 1998). A very good example of the losses suffered would be that by Malaysian Airline System (MAS), MAS lost around M$400 million in the first half of 1998 because of its foreign debt of about M$3.16 billion. Yazid and Muda (2006) studied 90 out of th e then 113 MNCs listed under the Bursa Malaysia. The main objectives cited by MNCs in this study relating to the foreign exchange risk management were to minimise the following; Losses on operational cash flow Cash flow fluctuations Losses on consolidated balance sheet Losses on shareholders equity Business uncertainty Foreign exchange risk to a comfortable level According to Yazid and Muda (2006), Malaysian MNCs became very proactive in managing their foreign exchange risks during the financial crisis and once the crisis was over, the priority attributed to foreign exchange risk management decreased slightly but not to the point it was before the crisis. This has been illustrated as a summarised result of the survey shown in table 1. Objectives Before During Current Minimise Losses on operational cash flow 3.59 4.62 4.09 Minimise Cash flow fluctuations 3.29 4.41 3.88 Minimise Losses on consolidated balance sheet 3.26 3.91 3.82 Minimise Losses on shareholders equity 3.24 3.56 3.50 Minimise Business uncertainty 3.21 3.50 3.41 Minimise Foreign exchange risk to a comfortable level 2.91 3.53 3.29 Table 1 (Yazid and Muda, 2006) Note: The results are based on five-point progressive Likert scale (1 is the least important; 5 is the most important) Large MNCs in Malaysia are more likely to get involved in foreign exchange risk management compared to smaller firms or firms with relatively lesser operations outside Malaysia. This trend seems to be consistent with other MNCs around the globe (Yazid et al, 2008). Majority of the Malaysian MNCs centralise their foreign exchange risk management and it can be said that foreign exchange risk management in Malaysia is still at its infant stage in comparison to other MNCs in the west. Their management practices are very informal and no proper documented policies can be found in regard to foreign exchange risks. Although the use of hedging tools is on a steady rise amongst the Malaysian MNCs, the objectives behind their involvement remain uncertain (Yazid and Muda, 2006). The past decade has seen rapid growth of a new segment in the global finance industry, the Islamic finance sector. To qualify for Islamic foreign exchange hedging, transactions must involve tangible assets. Malaysia, which is pre-dominantly an islamic country has highlighted the need of hedging tools which are compliant with Islam. Hence CIMB, a leading Malaysian bank among others, have introduced an Islamic foreign exchange hedging instrument, which would assist their clients to manage their risks. (Reuters, 2008) Astro, which is a leading services provider in the Asian entertainment indutry is based in Malaysia. Being a MNC, foreign transactions are dealt in different foreign currencies other than the Malaysian Ringgit. Consequently, there is an exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. Astro uses foreign currency derivatives such as forward contracts and interest rate swap contracts to hedge currency exchange risks. Forward contracts are commonly used to limit exposure to currency fluctuations on foreign currency receivables and payables as well as on cash flows generated from anticipated transactions denominated in foreign currencies. In 2007 Astro made a loss of RM 137,000 due to foreign exchange fluctuations and henceforth decided to emphasize the use of hedging techniques. This can be proven by Astros estimated principal amounts of outstanding forward contracts which as at 31st January 2009 was RM188,083,636, whereas at the same time a year before it was at RM 5,109,000. The emphasis o n risk management resulted in a substantial gain of RM 7,680,000 for Astro in the year ended 2008. In addition, as Ringgit Malaysia is Astros functional currency; all the financial statements have to be consolidated into this currency. Hence Astro is exposed to translation risk due to the fluctuating exchange rates. According to Table 2.0, the significance of the foreign currency risk management is noticeable as Astro experienced a huge gain in 2008 relative to the loss they suffered in 2007. Table 2.0: ASTRO; Result of Foreign Exchange Risk Management Cash Flow due to Operating Activities 2008 RM000 2007 RM 000 Net Effect of Currency Translation on Cash and Cash Equivalents 4854 (1529) Gain on Realisation of Foreign Forward Contracts 7680 (137) However, hedging of foreign exchange does not always yield a positive result, as illustrated in the case of AirAsia, one of the leading budget airlines in Asia. AirAsia like many international airlines used a technique refered to as fuel hedging, this allows the airline to purchase fuel at a price fixed at an earlier date despite an increase in the fuel price. During the fuel crisis of 2007-2008 when prices rose to over US$150/barrel, AirAsia made a significant loss as it had hedged for fuel prices not to exceed US$90/barrel and as a result AirAsia recorded its first ever full year loss of RM471.7 million for the year ended 31st December 2008, despite achieving a growth of 36.6% in revenue. This led to the removal of all hedges on fuel prices and AirAisa declared itself as completely unghedged. Although AirAsia intends to re-introduce fuel hedging in 2011, for now it deals in spot prices for its fuel. (Leong, 2009) (Ooi, 2008) Conclusion Multinationals are exposed to various kinds of risks, which includes the foreign exchange risk. This risk which is as a result of exchange rate volatility is said to have a pervasive impact on the profitability and certainty of a MNC. Globally, multinationals face translation, transaction and economic risks due to the frenzied system of floating exchange rates. To avoid the adverse effects of these risks, multinationals often take measures which although do not entirely eliminate the losses; they do enable the firms to minimize the losses. Hedging is very common risk management tool used by multinationals and has often resulted in positive results when used after a correct analysis of the exposure is made. Despite its advantages, not all multinationals around the globe decide to manage their risks in this way. The objectives behind foreign exchange risk management and the techniques used to manage are seen to differ across regions. In the case of Malaysian multinationals, foreign exchange risk management is deemed to be at a lower level relative to their counterparts globally. Until recently, majority of the Malaysian multinationals were not actively managing these risks. The Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s had a significant effect on their stance and the level of foreign exchange risk management amongst Malaysian multinationals has since increased considerably.

Social Media: Is It Good or Bad?

Social Media: Is it Good or Bad? It is incredible that only fifteen years ago, people were still using the postal services as their primary source for communication. Although the United Postal Service has not gone out of business, people are switching over from the old fashion stamp and letter to e-mails, social media sites, and instant messaging as a more convenient way of exchanging information. In just a few years, the usage of social media sites, like Facebook and Twitter, has been increasing exponentially, and is becoming more and more active (Zuckerberg).However, despite the conveniences, the popularity of social media has also gained averse viewpoints from a more traditionally conservative audience. Nevertheless, social media has beneficially changed society because of its educational benefits, public relation tools, and communicational conveniences. As the popularity of social media increases, so do the amount of educational benefits. Education is an important aspect in any s ort of society because it mentally prepares a generation to lead future businesses, industries, and governments in the future.In some areas of the world, the availability of schools and teachers are scarce. Even in the United States, certain students are deprived of higher leveled learning because educators are not found in those specific areas. But with the resources we have through the internet, we can provide education to people all around the world, as long as they can access it. â€Å"84 percent of teenagers today† are currently using methods, such as instant messaging, as a means of educational communication (Blake 5).There are benefits that can be derived from learning in a virtual classroom, such as confidentiality; with the idea of being anonymous behind a computer screen, students are also less intimidated to engage in class discussions and ask questions (Blake 5). These new innovative techniques of learning can stimulate more advance levels of thinking. As technolo gy and social media continue to grow, so will the availability of these online education programs. While the education receives benefits through social media, another area of society takes full advantage of the tools provided by online networking as well.In recent years, social media has become a very valued method of spreading information to a mass audience. Since many people use social media sites, groups like industries, businesses, and organizations utilize Facebook pages and twitter to post updates and information. Social media provides â€Å"communities of interest† for marketers to target specific audiences (Martin 220). It is much easier to track groups of people who are interested in a specific product by searching their ‘likes' on Facebook or their comments on Youtube.This technique becomes much more efficient than sending advertisements in the mail to every house in a neighborhood after doing surveys. Even Barrack Obama was able to gain publicity through the power of social media; his â€Å"name [gained national] recognition in 2004† which eventually led to the title of the United States president (Martin 220). As long as his public relations officers were able to locate communities of interest, they were able to win over support through networks on social media sites.Even if you already have a stable access to education, and you do not seek any tools for public relations, social media can still serve as a valuable resource. Communication is the obvious reason for why we all use social media; beside using to advertising and education, we use social media to chat with our friends and communicate with our family. When families live very far away, people are able to reconnect with them through a network of social media. Even in jobs, people often use Facebook groups to create an online virtual community to build stronger bonds among the workers (Melwood).This is the same for people who use instant messaging to communicate with frien ds at school. Social media provides many benefits because it is just one of the many things that has been invented to make our lives easier. Social media has not always been this convenient but it has definitely come a long way; even up to this day, it is evolving and becoming even more convenient for the usage of others. The more people get involved in the virtual world of social media, the more benefits become available. Works Cited Blake, Robert J. Brave New Digital Classroom: Technology and Foreign Language Learning. Washington, D.C. : Georgetown UP, 2008. Print. Page 5 Martin, Dick. Secrets of the Marketing Masters: What the Best Marketers Do–and Why It Works. New York: American Management Association, 2009. Print. Melwood, Ronnelle. â€Å"3 Benefits of Creating a Facebook Group. †Ã‚  Benefits of a Facebook Group. SetUFreeVA, 13 June 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . Zuckerberg, Mark. â€Å"One Billion People on Facebook. †Ã‚  One Billion People on Facebook. Faceb ook, 4 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. .

The Difference Between Parenting Styles and Strategies

Parenting styles, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful, tend to be almost inherent to the individual, something that is unlikely to change. A parenting strategy is something an individual chooses. It may be based upon their parenting style, but it can also change in response to needs and behaviours. Parenting strategies tend to be in regards to disciplinary measures. Strategies are usually needed to attend to problem behaviours, which tend to arise because of ineffective discipline, as in the case of intermittent discipline, or coercive discipline, such as spanking or yelling. While any parent may have moments of ineffective parenting strategies, especially in the face of various life stressors, ineffective†¦show more content†¦Results showed that parenting practises, such as parenting strategies, and child functioning is not affected by the ethnicity of the family, family structure, family income, or gender, but that harsh punishment was more lik ely to occur from mothers, especially from mother to son (2002). A study was done in Hong Kong with mothers of 183 children between the ages of six and eight (Chan, 2010). Mothers completed a group interview, and a questionnaire was read to the group on children’s coping strategies, the mother’s level of authoritativeness, and on the mother’s response to their child’s emotions. The mothers then recorded their answers to each question individually on a rating scale. Each child’s teacher then rated that child upon their level of prosocial behaviour and on their acceptance by their peers. Results of Chan’s study showed that while the mother’s level of authoritative parenting style affected the way the mother supported their child’s emotions (2010). What is interesting is that only the supportive responses, not the actual fact that the mother adopted an authoritative parenting style, had a significant effect on the way their child utilized positive coping strategies (Chan, 2010). In essence, the parenting strategy of being supportive allows the child to develop and utilize positive coping strategies. Instead of studying adjustment and coping strategies, AislingShow MoreRelatedEssay on An Effective Parenting Style993 Words   |  4 Pageswrong. According to the Wikipedia, â€Å"Parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing.† As parents use the technique to raise their children, they also shaped their value and personality. â€Å"Parenting style considers the balance between two aspects of parenting, namely, control, and warmth† (Ginsburg, Durbin, Garcias-Espana, Kalicka, and Winston, p. 1041). The most commonly heard parenting styles are authoritative, authoritarian,Read MoreParenting Styles : A Parenting Style And Made A New System For Classifying Parents848 Words   |  4 Pagesthem the rules of life by using a specifi c parenting style. A parenting style is a psychological concept based on regular strategies that parents use while raising their children. Parenting is a complicated occupation that requires many different skills that work in concert to influence a child’s behavior. Parental responsibilities start after the birth of the first child, and they impact the child’s overall life. Parents usually develop their parenting styles based on their cultures. This situationRead MoreParenting Styles and Culture1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdiverse cultures that can shape parenting behavior, some basic assumptions regarding the links between parenting styles and developmental outcomes may not be universal. Much research has been conducted on the different parenting styles across cultures. There are also many myths about which parenting style is the best or the most beneficial to the social development of children. Reviewing past literature on this subject matter reveals that the authoritarian parenting style produced more overt aggressionRead MoreThe And Parental Authority Questionnaire1535 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Midwes t, with participants ranging between the ages of 16 and 18 (Ritter, 2005). The researcher used the Individual Protective Factors Index (Springer Phillips, 1997) and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991). The goal was to determine if an association existed between the developments of resiliency and parenting styles utilizing Baumrind’s parenting style typologies, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles of parenting (Ritter, 2005). Results from the study establishedRead MoreParenting and culture Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesone side, supporters of the argument for the universality of parenting suggest that certain types of parenting styles will produce the same child development outcomes in different cultures. On the other hand, the argument for cultural specificity states that different parenting practices vary from culture to culture, and that culture ultimately determines the outcomes of child development. Each culture has specific styles of parenting that instill values on children particular to that culture. EachRead MoreDifferent Types Of Parenting Styles1495 Words   |  6 PagesParenting styles have been described by Diana Baumrind into four categories, authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, and indulgent parenting (Santrok 461). Parenting styles can be defined as patterns of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. This paper will examine the different type of parenting styles as it relates to ethnicity and various cultures. What exactly is ethnicity and culture? The Oxford Dictionary defines ethnicity as â€Å"the fact or state ofRead MoreEssay about Developmental Views of Parenting Style and Effectiveness1678 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental Views of Parenting Style and Effectiveness Parenting effectiveness and influence have been studied by developmental psychologists who have been interested in the role of parenting and how it may affect the success or failure of children. An important aspect to this area of research is parenting styles. There have been four styles noted and each may have differing outcomes for the children in later life: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and unengaged/uninvolvedRead MoreParenting Goals And Values, Styles, Behaviors, And Strategies That I Have Experienced Growing Up881 Words   |  4 PagesI will explain about many parenting goals, beliefs, styles, behaviors, and strategies that I have experienced growing up. Parenting goals may lead to variation in parenting behavior across culture. Parenting goals provide the motivation and framework for what parents think is the best way to raise their children. In the book, â€Å"Culture and Psychology† explain about different parenting goals within different cultures. For example, there is different parenting goals between middle-class mothers in BerlinRead MoreParenting Styles Diana Baumrind999 Words   |  4 Pages The way a parent parents a child has a dramatic effect on a child’s development. In fact, research has revealed that parenting styles can impact a child’s cognitive, psychological, and social growth, which affects children in the childhood years, teenage years and adolescence. The reason is that children develop through a number of stimuli, communication, and conversation, which surround them. Families provide a structured environment in which a child lives while parents serve as role models andRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effects On A Child s Development1220 Words   |  5 PagesResearch in parenting styles has found a large amount of correlation between parenting behavior and certain long-term outcomes for children. Specifically, parenting styles have been shown to correlate to a child’s obedience level, school competence, delinquency, violence, sexual activity, antisocial behavior, alcohol and substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and self-perception. Th e members of your family are the most prevalent relationships you will have in your life. Therefore, they will have the

Geoffrey Chaucer s Bath - 1767 Words

The Bible includes over sixty-nine references to God smiting down a man or performing genocide or inducing a war or famine in the Bible; even one count of a blasphemer being stoned to death. If The Cantebury Tales had been based on real events instead of just being the satirical work of Geoffrey Chaucer, at least one more count of death would have be added because the Wife of Bath commits the crime of blasphemy on multiple occasions. She turns the sacred words of God into a defense of her indecency. She uses his words to justify her twisted beliefs and actions. She speaks of lust and greed and power. But the most tragic part of all is what she is saying is necessary. She may not be representing women in the fairest light, but that is not†¦show more content†¦As she continues on, the Wife of Bath manipulates the biblical scripture to â€Å"make her case that God intended women to use their bodies carnally† (Retractions). She does this by saying that â€Å"God bad us for to wexe, without lye,/ That gentil text kan I wel understonde† (lines 28-29). She believes that she needs to marry as much as possible because it is what God intended for her to do. Although it is more commonly believed that God was referring to procreation within the limitations of marriage, she deserves credit for creativity. She uses the story of Solomon as a reference to multiple spouses by saying that â€Å"he hadd wyves mo than oon† but the interpretation of the Bible at the time was at the mercy of the Roman Catholic Church (line 36). The Church believed that women were the cause of â€Å"the original sin or the Fall of Man† based on the actions of Eve (Women History). Women were looked upon as â€Å"instruments of temptation and sin†, they were believed to drag â€Å"men down by the lure of their physicality†, and were the â€Å"instruments of man’s damnation† (Retractions). Though this is not the case, because women are pe rfect, these negative connotations caused women to lead â€Å"extremely subservient lives† (Struggle of female equality). The Wife of Bathes may have been a satirical representation of women being greedy and lustful but her purpose was to contradict â€Å"oppressive customs and assert her own overbearing assessment of the